Option 5 Destination Phase

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Option 5 Destination Phase Review
Option 5 Destination Phase

Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)
Starring
Country of origin	United States
No. of episodes	22
Release
Original network	ABC
Original release	December 1, 2017 – May 18, 2018
Season chronology
Next → Season 6
List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes

The fifth season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D., follows Phil Coulson and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they try to save the world from an apocalyptic future. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the continuity of the franchise's films. The season was produced by ABC Studios, Marvel Television, and Mutant Enemy Productions, with Jed Whedon, Maurissa Tancharoen, and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners.

Alongside Clark Gregg, who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series, principal cast members Ming-Na Wen, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons, while Natalia Cordova-Buckley was promoted to the principal cast after appearing in a recurring role since season three. The season was ordered in May 2017. Due to its broadcast schedule, the season was split into two 'pods': the first sees the S.H.I.E.L.D. team transported to a future in which the Earth has been destroyed; in the second, they attempt to prevent this future in the present. The end of the season dovetails with the events of the film Avengers: Infinity War. The season includes the series' 100th episode and Gregg's directorial debut for the series.

The fifth season premiered on December 1, 2017, and ran for 22 episodes on ABC until May 18, 2018. The two-part premiere debuted to 2.54 million viewers, marking a significant downturn from previous seasons. Despite consistently low viewership, critical reception of the season was positive, with many commending the series for its ambition, in particular praising the futuristic space setting during its first half and exploration of time travel. The series was renewed for a sixth season on May 14, 2018.^[1]

2Cast and characters
3Production
- 3.2Writing
4Marketing
5Release
6Reception
7References

Episodes[edit]

No. overall	No. in season	Title	Directed by	Written by	Original air date	U.S. viewers (millions)
89–90	1–2	'Orientation'	Jesse Bochco	Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen	December 1, 2017	2.54^[2]
89–90	1–2	'Orientation'	David Solomon	DJ Doyle	December 1, 2017	2.54^[2]
An unknown group seizes Phil Coulson, Melinda May, Daisy Johnson, Jemma Simmons, Alphonso 'Mack' MacKenzie, and Yo-Yo Rodriguez and transports them to a space station through a monolith; Leo Fitz is left behind. Upon arrival, the team is heralded by Virgil, who dies soon after. They quickly regroup and meet Deke, who reveals that to his knowledge the space station, known as the Lighthouse, was built nearly ninety years prior. Hoping to send a message back to Earth, May and Simmons discover the planetary wreckage near the Lighthouse is in fact Earth, which has been torn apart by a cataclysmic event. At the same time, Coulson discovers that the monolith transported them not through space, but forward through time. Elsewhere, Mack and Yo-Yo are held captive by the Kree, who maintain control of the station by encouraging bloodshed among its inhabitants. Back in the station, the team attempts to blend in by agreeing to work for Grill and meets Tess, who saves them during a 'kill or be killed' event known as the Renewal. Coulson goes with Tess to learn more about Virgil's message and finds a hidden notebook. Meanwhile, Simmons is taken to meet Kasius, the Kree leader of the station, and is inducted as one of his servants. Later on, Daisy confronts Deke in his framework simulation, where he states she is the reason the Earth was torn apart.
91	3	'A Life Spent'	Kevin Hooks	Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman	December 8, 2017	1.93^[3]
In preparation for Lady Basha's arrival, Simmons is given the task of helping an Inhuman control her new abilities for her exhibition ceremony. Simmons is successful, but becomes distraught when Kasius sells her to Lady Basha. While the team adapts to their new jobs, Grill becomes suspicious of the new arrivals and sends one of his men to spy on them. During a space expedition, Coulson, May, Mack, and Tess struggle to make sense of Virgil's notebook and discover a radio transmission supposedly originating from the Earth's surface. Grill's spy reports back, only to be framed as a traitor and exiled to die on Earth. Meanwhile, Yo-Yo helps Daisy get ahold of a Kree tablet to try and save Simmons. However, her mission is thwarted by Deke, who reports her to Kasius. Daisy is captured and taken to become his new champion.
92	4	'A Life Earned'	Stan Brooks	Drew Z. Greenberg	December 15, 2017	1.84^[4]
Daisy meets Ben, one of Kasius' other champions, capable of telepathy. Using Ben to corroborate their story, Kasius interrogates Daisy and Simmons about the others. They are able to convince Kasius they came alone, though he remains suspicious. During the interrogation, Ben learns that Kasius intends to destroy the station and everyone on it once he acquires enough profits to leave. Deke returns to the others to gather new information as they learn about the mysterious Level 35. Recognizing his father's voice on the radio transmission, Deke agrees to help them gain access to the restricted floor. There, they discover that Kasius is attempting to breed Inhumans. May also discovers Deke lied about Daisy's whereabouts, but gets interrupted by Sinara's arrival. Coulson leaves with Deke while May fights her alone. Meanwhile, Grill sends Mack to confront someone who owes him payment. Later, Fitz is revealed to be one of the bidders who have arrived for Daisy's exhibition.
93	5	'Rewind'	Jesse Bochco	Craig Titley	December 22, 2017	2.40^[5]
Shortly after the others are taken from the diner, Fitz is taken into military custody and interrogated by General Hale and her subordinates about the others' whereabouts, as well as their involvement in the assassination attempt on General Talbot and the deaths of Jeffrey Mace and Holden Radcliffe. For the next six months, Fitz is given special privileges to allow him to locate the team, but he fails. With help from Lance Hunter, Fitz escapes the military facility and tracks down Enoch, the man who took the others. Enoch explains that a prophecy foretold these events and takes them to meet Robin, the daughter of Charles Hinton who expresses her prophetic abilities through drawings. Tracked by the military, Enoch helps them escape to a secret bunker where Fitz learns that he was left behind so he could save the team. Determined to help them, Fitz and Hunter break back into Hale's military facility to obtain a cryogenic pod; they find all their old S.H.I.E.L.D. tech, including the Zephyr, which they use to escape. Using the pod, Fitz is put to sleep for the next 74 years. He is awoken by Enoch, who prepares him for their arrival at the Lighthouse.
94	6	'Fun & Games'	Clark Gregg	Brent Fletcher	January 5, 2018	2.49^[6]
Down in the station, the Kree have harvested some of the youth for an unscheduled terrigenesis ceremony. Flint, a friend of Tess, experiences a successful terrigenesis and is taken into hiding with the team by Yo-Yo. Tess is killed and hanged for Flint's disappearance. During a dinner with the other bidders, Fitz quickly proves himself as a formidable character, earning Kasius' respect. The first exhibition is then held between Ben and May, resulting in May being sent to the surface while Ben is killed for lying during Daisy's interrogation. Meanwhile, Grill finds the team and holds them captive until Flint saves them using geokinesis against Grill, killing him. The unexpected arrival of Kasius' brother prompts Sinara to battle Daisy for her exhibition, during which Daisy, Fitz, and Simmons are able to subdue the others and escape. During the escape, Simmons proposes to Fitz.
95	7	'Together or Not at All'	Brad Turner	Matt Owens	January 12, 2018	2.31^[7]
Daisy, Fitz, and Simmons are hunted throughout the station and discover the station is being sustained by gravitonium. Fitz is shot during the chase. Deke finds them and takes them to the rest of the team. Reunited, the team plots their escape to the Earth's surface by using a trawler and Deke's anti-gravity device. After learning about Tess' death, Flint decides to stay on the station to protect the remaining inhabitants. Mack and Yo-Yo agree to stay behind and help him. Coulson, Daisy, Fitz, Simmons, and Deke fly to the surface, but get caught in the gravity storm. Meanwhile, Kasius kills his brother and plots to regain his father's acceptance by recapturing Daisy with help from Sinara. On the surface, Enoch finds May, but their meeting is cut short by the approaching gravity storm. A mysterious figure takes them to safety, where they are greeted by an elderly Robin.
96	8	'The Last Day'	Nina Lopez-Corrado	James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver	January 19, 2018	2.41^[8]
Coulson, Daisy, Fitz, Simmons, and Deke survive the crash and reunite with May in the Zephyr. They meet Samuel Voss, an acquaintance of Deke's father. Up on the Lighthouse, Kasius punishes the inhabitants by cutting off their resources. Flint, Mack, and Yo-Yo go to retrieve the weapons hidden by Fitz and discover Kasius has released the Vrellnexians onto the lower levels. They defeat the Vrellnexians and rescue the remaining inhabitants. On the surface, the team struggles to get answers from Robin and find a machine built into the Zephyr. While Fitz and Simmons attempt to remove Daisy's inhibitor, May and Coulson find a shard of the time monolith in Voss' locker. Deke questions Voss about the shard, which belonged to his parents, and gets knocked out. Voss then tries to kill Daisy and impales Robin to prevent her from giving the team answers. Before dying, Robin is comforted by May as she reveals their history and finally tells May how to save the world, which requires Flint. In the past, May is shown taking care of Robin and encouraging Fitz to build his machine so they can travel through time.
97	9	'Best Laid Plans'	Garry A. Brown	George Kitson	January 26, 2018	2.27^[9]
As the gravity storm worsens, the team attempt to relaunch the Zephyr. May reveals that using the shard, Flint can recreate the monolith allowing the team to travel back through time. Similar to the Lighthouse, Fitz and Simmons find gravitonium on the Zephyr and realize the designs were manufactured by Fitz himself. On the station, Flint, Mack, and Yo-Yo successfully gain control of the lower levels. Tess is resurrected by Kasius and sent to relay demands for him, who threatens to detonate explosives killing everyone if they are not met. Mack and Yo-Yo retaliate by placing the explosives on Level 35, the medical floor, which would prevent Kasius from breeding more Inhumans. During a standoff with Kasius, Flint evacuates the inhabitants to the upper levels and uses the remaining explosives to separate them from the lower levels, out of Kasius' reach. Using the gravity storm to her advantage, May navigates the Zephyr into space as Daisy battles Sinara again, this time killing her. Daisy then contacts Mack while the team are heading for the Lighthouse. Kasius reveals he has his own seer telling him what will happen.
98	10	'Past Life'	Eric Laneuville	DJ Doyle	February 2, 2018	2.22^[10]
While Enoch stays on the Zephyr, the team focus on getting to Flint and rescuing the other Inhumans from captivity. Distraught over Sinara's death, Kasius infects Tye, the Inhuman trainer, with odium, a substance that excites maniacal behavior and sends him after the team. During a fight with Tye, Coulson seemingly gets infected. Kasius' seer is revealed to be Yo-Yo from the future, one who has lived through the time loop and endured endless torture. She reveals that the team's ultimate return will bring the end of the world and that the only solution is to let Coulson succumb to his infection. As Flint recreates the monolith, Mack leaves to find Yo-Yo and witnesses her future self's death by Kasius, who consumes the remaining odium and fights him. With help from Simmons, Mack kills Kasius and reunites with Yo-Yo, who is still alive in their timeline. Deke returns to the Zephyr in time to save Enoch and fix the machine, although seemingly at the cost of both of their lives, as the team returns to the present.
99	11	'All the Comforts of Home'	Kate Woods	Drew Z. Greenberg	March 2, 2018	1.90^[11]
Back in their time, the team meets Noah, Enoch's successor, who has been monitoring the world from the Lighthouse in their absence. Coulson, May, Fitz, Simmons, Mack, and Yo-Yo investigate a beacon emitting from Earth, which fits Voss' description of the first signs of the end. Reluctant to join the team, Daisy stays behind and discovers that Deke survived the explosion. After he is arrested, Daisy is forced to leave the bunker to save him and prevent him from exposing the team, who are now most wanted. Upon finding the beacon, the team reunites with Agent Piper, who is revealed to be working for General Hale. They are then ambushed by a group of Hale's robotic soldiers, led by an assassin. During the fight, the assassin attempts to kill Mack with their chakram, but Yo-Yo blocks the attack and loses both her arms. Piper realigns with the team as they retreat to the Lighthouse with the beacon, which detonates as Noah sacrifices himself to save Daisy and Fitz. Later, General Hale criticizes the assassin, revealed to be her daughter, Ruby, for jeopardizing the operation. In Philadelphia, General Hale recruits Carl Creel to join her team, to which he reluctantly agrees.
100	12	'The Real Deal'	Kevin Tancharoen	Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen & Jeffrey Bell	March 9, 2018	2.04^[12]
The destruction of three monoliths caused by the beacon's explosion creates a dimensional rift that manifests the fears of the team. Using gravitonium, Fitz creates a device capable of sealing the rift; Coulson volunteers to deliver the device before he collapses. The team finds out about his infection, which is a result of the Ghost Rider burning off the life-sustaining GH.325 drug within him. The team is forced to accelerate their plan when Yo-Yo is attacked by a manifestation of a Simmons LMD. Coulson sends Deke to the surface to call for backup, then proceeds alone to seal the rift. He encounters a manifestation of Mike Peterson, who claims that Coulson's experiences are just a dream, and that he is dying on an operating table after the Battle of New York. Coulson overcomes his fear, and is saved by the real Peterson, who responds to Deke's call and arrives with several other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents. Coulson and Peterson fight off manifestations of Vrellnexians, Lash, and Hive, before managing to contain the rift. Later, the team organize a wedding ceremony for Fitz and Simmons. General Hale, who is investigating sightings of Daisy, finds evidence that Deke is related to Fitz and Simmons.
101	13	'Principia'	Brad Turner	Craig Titley	March 16, 2018	2.07^[13]
When the rift begins to reopen, Fitz sends the team to search for more gravitonium. The team hunt down a lead in Baton Rouge; Mack reunites with his school mate, Tony Caine, who has been helping to redeem scientists coerced into working for Hydra through Cybertek Industries. Caine states that the gravitonium was in transport aboard the Principia, a Cybertek ship that went missing. Deke realizes the gravitonium may have been activated by the lightning storm, sending the Principia into the sky. Following Deke's theory, the team find the Principia suspended in the atmosphere and discover most of the gravitonium is gone, leaving only a small portion to sustain the ship. As Mack collects the remaining gravitonium, a group of Hale's robotic soldiers ambush them. The team successfully escapes the ship before it plummets back to Earth. Upon hearing his mother's saying in an exchange between Simmons and Yo-Yo, Deke realizes Fitz and Simmons are his grandparents. Meanwhile, General Hale continues to form her team by attempting to recruit Werner von Strucker, whose memory had been enhanced after S.H.I.E.L.D. revived him from a vegetative state. While Strucker initially rejects Hale's offer, Ruby convinces him to stay.
102	14	'The Devil Complex'	Nina Lopez-Corrado	Matt Owens	March 23, 2018	2.07^[14]
When Simmons is attacked by a manifestation of an astronaut, Fitz accelerates work on sealing the rift but struggles to figure out how to compress the gravitonium. Under stress, Fitz encounters his Framework alter ego, The Doctor, who taunts him. On the Zephyr, Coulson, May, and Agent Piper capture General Hale; however, she reveals she was prepared for such an occasion, and threatens to detonate explosives strapped to Creel if S.H.I.E.L.D. fails to comply. Anton Ivanov arrives, and Coulson agrees to accompany them despite May's unease. Simmons, Mack, and Yo-Yo are attacked by one of the robots that Mack brought back from the Principia. While dealing with technical malfunctions, Daisy is rendered unconscious by another robot and awakens restrained by The Doctor. Simmons finds Fitz trying to remove Daisy's inhibitor. She deduces that The Doctor was not a result of the fear dimension, but a projection of Fitz's internal turmoil. He reprogrammed the robots to isolate Daisy, whose powers he uses to compress the gravitonium and seal the rift completely. Deke attempts to comfort Simmons, while also revealing himself as their grandson. Later, Hale speaks to her mysterious benefactor, Qovas, who hands her a vial of odium and reminds her of her Hydra allegiance.
103	15	'Rise and Shine'	Jesse Bochco	Iden Baghdadchi	March 30, 2018	1.88^[15]
28 years ago, a young Hale was assigned by Daniel Whitehall to infiltrate the U.S. Air Force, and also to be impregnated via in vitro fertilization with Ruby as Hydra's next leader. In the present, Hale fails to convince a recently-awakened Talbot to release Hydra contraband. She also informs Coulson that an alien alliance known as the Confederacy had made contact with Hydra and offered to assist Earth in an impending invasion; she intends to betray the alliance by using Whitehall's particle-infusion chamber and gravitonium to create a Destroyer of Worlds. Though she intends for it to be Ruby, she suggests Daisy may be a better fit. Upon hearing this, Coulson denies her offer and reveals his trip to the future, but she doesn't believe him. Back at the Lighthouse, May and Daisy struggle to deduce Hale's motivations and locate Coulson. Daisy, who has been left as the de facto head of S.H.I.E.L.D., refuses to trust Fitz and goes in search of Robin. Simmons tells Fitz about their relation to Deke, suggesting they will survive despite the odds.
104	16	'Inside Voices'	Salli Richardson-Whitfield	Mark Leitner	April 6, 2018	2.08^[16]
Under Hale's orders, Creel attempts to absorb the gravitonium and begins to see flashes of Franklin Hall. In anguish from his exposure to the gravitonium, Creel works with Coulson and Talbot to escape. Hale sends Ruby after them as Creel stays behind, allowing Coulson and Talbot to escape via the Confederacy's teleportation device. Meanwhile, Daisy and May locate Robin, who has stopped drawing her visions for some time after seeing her own death in the future. Upon seeing May, Robin begins to draw again, this time showing Coulson and Talbot's location in the mountains. Back at the Lighthouse, Simmons convinces Yo-Yo to help her free Fitz and pursue possible leads on Hydra's gravitonium-powered weapon. Together, they trick Mack into releasing Fitz, before locking him up. A flashback to four years ago reveals that Ian Quinn was tricked by Raina into being absorbed by the gravitonium.
105	17	'The Honeymoon'	Garry A. Brown	James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver	April 13, 2018	1.82^[17]
Ruby pursues Coulson and Talbot at the mountains, but Daisy arrives in time to save them. Deke, in an attempt to cover for Daisy, is shot by Hale and her men, forcing S.H.I.E.L.D. to retreat. Deke is taken back to the Lighthouse, where Mack and Piper operate on him and successfully save him. May confronts Coulson about his recent actions, and eventually admits her feelings for him. Ruby, furious about her mother's attitude, decides to rebel and lock Hale in her cell, while she takes over and works with Strucker. Fitz, Simmons, and Yo-Yo travel to a Hydra facility in England, where they find the particle infusion chamber. Fitz damages one of the components to render it useless, but they are then surrounded by the robot soldiers. Yo-Yo attempts to escape and call for backup, but is forced to fight Ivanov. As she emerges victorious, she learns that Ivanov's body is linked to all the robots, thus is able to disable them altogether. However, Ruby and Strucker arrive and decide to capture Fitz and Simmons in order to have them repair the infusion chamber. Meanwhile, Daisy helps Talbot contact his family, but unknowingly helps activate his brainwashing through his wife, who has been compromised by Hydra.
106	18	'All Roads Lead..'	Jennifer Lynch	George Kitson	April 20, 2018	1.67^[18]
After locating Blue Raven Ridge, Daisy and May are sent to apprehend Hale, who willingly surrenders after Creel informs her of Quinn and Hall's consciousnesses within the gravitonium. She reveals that Ruby plans to become the Destroyer of Worlds and takes them to her. They arrive at the site, just as Ruby begins the infusion process, but Strucker is forced to stop the process at 8%. Unable to control the element, Ruby inadvertently crushes Strucker's skull, killing him. While May extracts Fitz and Simmons, Daisy and Hale attempt to calm Ruby down. Yo-Yo returns for Daisy, though upon realizing Ruby is the Destroyer of Worlds and the one who cut her arms off, she slices Ruby's neck with her own chakram in retaliation. Ruby's body releases a blast of energy as Hale escapes. Back at the Lighthouse, Talbot attempts to kidnap Robin, but Coulson and Mack manage to subdue him. Later, Hale is seen in the Confederacy ship, where she reveals S.H.I.E.L.D.'s possession of the gravitonium to Qovas.
107	19	'Option Two'	Kevin Tancharoen	Nora Zuckerman & Lila Zuckerman	April 27, 2018	1.68^[19]
Coulson puts the base on lockdown as Qovas and his Confederacy ship appear above River's End. Despite this, Qovas' troops, the Remorath scavengers, are able to teleport inside in pursuit of the gravitonium. While Coulson, May, Mack, Fitz, and Deke defend the control room, Yo-Yo retrieves Talbot and proceeds to the lab where Simmons, Piper, and Davis are guarding the gravitonium. Yo-Yo, Piper, and Davis attempt to clear the halls, when Talbot ices Simmons and places himself in the particle infusion chamber, absorbing the remaining gravitonium. With his new powers, he is able to rescue the S.H.I.E.L.D. agents, before taking off with Coulson to an unknown location. Meanwhile, Daisy relocates Robin and Polly with the help of Caine, who also gives her the Centipede serum, which was once used to keep John Garrett alive. However, Caine fails to retrieve a special ingredient, prompting Daisy to dig up her mother's grave.
108	20	'The One Who Will Save Us All'	Cherie Gierhart	Brent Fletcher	May 4, 2018	1.65^[20]
After arriving on Qovas' ship, Talbot assumes leadership and demands an audience with the Confederacy. To prove himself, Talbot expresses control over his new abilities by killing one of the leaders and taking his place in the alliance. Kasius' father, Taryan, attempts to manipulate Talbot into increasing his powers by revealing untapped subterranean deposits of gravitonium on Earth, which would allow him to save the world from Thanos' imminent invasion. Coulson and Hale fail to convince him of Taryan's true motives and are forced to comply. Back at the Lighthouse, an odium-powered Remorath warrior attacks Mack before succumbing to the substance. As Simmons studies the odium, Daisy returns with Jiaying's corpse and the Centipede serum, tasking her to find a cure to save Coulson. Meanwhile, the team equip the Zephyr with gravitonium for space travel and proceed to Qovas' ship. Daisy and May infiltrate the ship, but are forced to surrender when Talbot incapacitates Daisy. Talbot kills Hale after she attempts to trigger Talbot's brainwashing. Later, Daisy is imprisoned and awakens to Taryan, who plans to take her back to his homeworld.
109	21	'The Force of Gravity'	Kevin Tancharoen	Drew Z. Greenberg & Craig Titley	May 11, 2018	1.94^[21]
As an unconscious Daisy is being transported, Taryan communicates with her using a device. Daisy destroys the device and awakens, then evades her captors. After Talbot leaves on a Quinjet for Earth, Deke rescues Coulson and May, then reunites with Daisy. At a hospital, Talbot approaches Creel and offers him peace by turning him into gravitonium; he then absorbs Creel. Deducing Talbot's desire to prove himself a good father, Mack and Yo-Yo track him to his family's home. Talbot threatens the agents; his son George dissuades him from causing further harm, and he leaves to prove his heroism. Meanwhile, Coulson leaves with Daisy on the Zephyr, while May duels with Qovas as Deke redirects the missiles to target the ship itself. May and Deke successfully teleport back to Earth as Qovas perishes along with the ship. On the Zephyr, Coulson is attacked by a Remorath, and begins to bleed out as his condition worsens. At the Lighthouse, Fitz and Simmons explain that the remaining Centipede serum could be combined with Jiaying's DNA or odium, which would respectively allow the team to save Coulson or stop Talbot. Elsewhere, Talbot captures Polly and Robin, and asks the latter for the gravitonium's location.
110	22	'The End'	Jed Whedon	Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen	May 18, 2018	1.88^[22]
The team argues about the usage of the Centipede serum until May destroys the odium vial. Deke advises Daisy to help unite the team and settle their differences. Under coercion, Robin informs Talbot of a gravitonium deposit in Chicago, to which he commandeers Qovas' ship. Daisy chooses Mack to lead S.H.I.E.L.D., and he coordinates the team as they evacuate as many civilians as possible. Simmons provides Coulson with the Centipede serum, but he refuses to take it and discreetly hides it in Daisy's gauntlets, and convinces her to face Talbot alone. Daisy attempts to appeal to Talbot's patriotism, but Talbot attacks and attempts to absorb her. Discovering the serum, Daisy injects herself with it and uses her enhanced abilities to blast Talbot into space, thus changing the timeline. While rescuing Polly and Robin from Qovas' ship, Fitz is mortally wounded by falling debris, and May and Mack stay by his side as he dies. Simmons resolves to find the present version of Fitz, who is in stasis aboard Enoch's ship. After bidding his fellow agents farewell, Coulson is accompanied by May as he leaves S.H.I.E.L.D. to spend his last days in Tahiti.

Cast and characters[edit]

Main[edit]

Option 5 Destination Phase Review

Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson^[23]
Ming-Na Wen as Melinda May^[23]
Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake^[24]
Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz^[23]
Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons^[23]
Henry Simmons as Alphonso 'Mack' MacKenzie^[23]
Natalia Cordova-Buckley as Elena 'Yo-Yo' Rodriguez^[25]

Recurring[edit]

Jeff Ward as Deke Shaw^[26]^[27]
Joel Stoffer as Enoch^[28]
Eve Harlow as Tess^[27]
Dominic Rains as Kasius^[28]
Florence Faivre as Sinara^[28]
Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill^[27]
Coy Stewart as Flint^[27]
Catherine Dent as Hale^[29]
Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton^[30]
Dove Cameron as Ruby Hale^[29]
Brian Patrick Wade as Carl Creel^[31]
Briana Venskus as Piper^[31]
Maximilian Osinski as Davis^[32]
Spencer Treat Clark as Werner von Strucker^[33]
Peter Mensah as Qovas^[34]
Adrian Pasdar as Glenn Talbot / Graviton^[35]^[36]

Notable guests[edit]

Nick Blood as Lance Hunter^[37]
J. August Richards as Mike Peterson / Deathlok^[38]
Zach McGowan as Anton Ivanov / The Superior^[34]
Reed Diamond as Daniel Whitehall^[39]
Adam Faison as Jasper Sitwell^[39]
Joey Defore as Wolfgang von Strucker^[39]
Ruth Negga as Raina^[40]
David Conrad as Ian Quinn^[40]

Production[edit]

Development[edit]

In January 2017, ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season, ABC's Channing Dungey said that she was 'very bullish' about S.H.I.E.L.D.'s future, feeling that 'the episodes just keep getting better and stronger'.^[41] The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11, with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward,^[42]^[43] by reducing its budget and licensing fee.^[44] Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order, Dungey noted that every season of the series had been 22 episodes long, and she felt its prior success in delayed viewership and overseas justified continuing that. She added that the 'show has continued to grow creatively every season. I feel like last season [was] its strongest creatively yet. I'm very excited for what we have planned for Season 5.'^[45] It was reported that Disney, the parent company of Marvel Television, ABC Studios, and ABC, had given a mandate to ABC to renew Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 'despite the desire by some at the network to end the series'.^[46]

Writing[edit]

In May 2017, ahead of the fifth season renewal, showrunner and executive producer Jed Whedon said the writers were not sure what would happen in the season, and that it would be 'by the seat of our pants.'^[47] The season explores the ramifications of Phil Coulson making a deal with Ghost Rider at the end of the previous season, as well as the groundwork laid by Aida for humans to fear S.H.I.E.L.D. and Inhumans. Whedon stated, 'The public perception of S.H.I.E.L.D. is at an all-time low, so we have not resolved that, and there will be still more fallout from it.'^[48] Moving beyond the Framework reality established at the end of season four, Tancharoen said the emotional impact from the characters' experiences would 'be something that resonates throughout the season', especially for Fitz and Mack.^[49] When asked if the season would be broken into pods as with season four, executive producer Jeffrey Bell said, 'A 22-episode arc is a lot for people to hold onto. By breaking it up into either smaller arcs or different pods, by introducing a set of antagonists and putting them down, or moving from space to space, our experience has been that it's something the viewers enjoy, and it makes it a little easier to digest when you're telling some of these stories.' However, Whedon noted that it would depend on how the season would be aired as to where the story is broken up.^[48] The season ultimately was broken into two pod story arcs, with each pod having a different emphases, but the whole season having an arc 'that will pay off'.^[50] The writers for the season began work at the end of May 2017.^[24]

First pod[edit]

The first pod of the season was informally referred to by the production team as S.H.I.E.L.D. in Space.^[50] Ahead of the season premiere, executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen said that 'every year we reset the series, and this year we definitely knew that it would be the most giant reset to date [with the characters going to space]. Just creatively across the board for everyone, art direction, all of it, our sets, you'll see an overhaul.'^[51] On the move to space, Whedon commented, 'Last year was about tearing everybody apart. We spent a lot of time doing that .. So our goal this year was.. putting [this] family together in an intense situation [that] will end up causing drama internally, inevitably.. we've spent this many years with them, let's throw them on the craziest roller coaster adventure we could think of.'^[52] The main characters eventually return home to their time period.^[53]

Second pod[edit]

The second pod of the season includes the series' 100th episode, which Whedon and Tancharoen described as a 'game changer' that would 'shake up' the rest of the pod emotionally, to the point that 'nothing will be the same after' it.^[54] Bell added the episode featured 'a device that grows out of our current storyline and plot that allows us to look back and reflect on where we've come from, turn over a couple cards that people will be excited about and then also celebrate the show and people on it.'^[55] Loeb also felt the episode 'finishes up some stories that perhaps [viewers] didn't even know we haven't revealed'.^[56] The episode featured Fitz and Simmons getting married, which Tancharoen said was included because 'it was about damn time. After 100 episodes, they needed to get married.' Coulson's deal with Ghost Rider was also revealed, which was to have the Kree serum that revived him after his death be burned off, resulting in his chest wound slowly killing him. Whedon said that Coulson has 'come to terms with it. It's something he actually had to come to terms with a long time ago when he was discovering the T.A.H.I.T.I. Project and everything that had been done to him. I don't think he wants to go through any of that again. He's ready for nature to take its course.. he seems as much at peace with it as you can be considering there's so much he's done in a world that thinks he's dead.'^[38]

At the end of February 2018, the writers were planning the end of the pod, and were planning for the final episode to be able to serve as both a season and series finale, with some elements that could be adjusted based on whether the series was renewed for a sixth season or not. Whedon added, 'we're ready for if this is the end. We're definitely going to make it rewarding either way.'^[54] The season ends with the agents having to make a choice between Coulson's life or saving the world, which was 'where we were always going' when the showrunners were plotting out the season.^[57] By killing Fitz in 'The End', but revealing there was another still in space journeying to the future, Bell noted it helped solve 'the one time loop problem we had'. Whedon explained when deciding when to bring the characters back to the present, it was discussed to have them return to the diner where they were taken, but Fitz would still be there, so the group was brought back after Fitz left to avoid that problem, which 'became this great opportunity. What we realized is the thing that would weirdly have the most impact, one of the most painful things that you can experience, could be then experienced and then, not brought back, but a loophole could be revealed.'^[58]

The showrunners spoke to not including a bonus scene at the end of 'The End' to tease what would come, Tancharoen said, 'We felt like it needed to end in Tahiti. To take away from that would be wrong.' Bell added, 'It's also, emotionally, about the two senior members of the team, who in a sense have retired to Tahiti, and there they are watching the future of S.H.I.E.L.D. fly off into a new adventure.. It felt like a nice, succinct ending.'^[59] Coulson's journey was always meant to end at Tahiti, something the showrunners revealed was decided since the start of the series. Whedon explained, 'We thought it was a beautiful image.. It's one of the things where you don't overthink it. We latched onto that and went, 'That will be great.' It's an emotional thing for him. We even heard from Mike Peterson that this was something he always wanted. Our big mystery in episode 1 was, 'Never been to Tahiti.' He doesn't know, and he can never know. And here he is, finding some sort of peace on that beach. We love that image and we were solid on it all the way.'^[58]

Casting[edit]

Main cast members Clark Gregg, Ming-Na Wen, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons as Phil Coulson, Melinda May, Daisy Johnson / Quake, Leo Fitz, Jemma Simmons, and Alphonso 'Mack' MacKenzie, respectively.^[23] Before the 2017 New York Comic-Con, it was revealed that Natalia Cordova-Buckley had been promoted to series regular for the season, after recurring in the past two seasons as Elena 'Yo-Yo' Rodriguez.^[25] De Caestecker also portrays 'The Doctor', the version of Fitz from the Framework reality.^[60]

In September 2017, former series regular Nick Blood was announced as returning to reprise his role of Lance Hunter. Blood left the series during the third season, to star in the spin-off series Marvel's Most Wanted, which never came to fruition.^[37]Adrianne Palicki, who portrayed Bobbi Morse and also left in the third season for Most Wanted with Blood, expressed interest in October 2017 in returning to guest star in the season, saying she 'would absolutely come back' if asked.^[61] Also returning from earlier in the series are Joel Stoffer as Enoch,^[28] who was simply credited as 'silhouetted man' in his previous appearance,^[62] and Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton.^[30] Polly's daughter Robin also appears, portrayed by multiple actresses,^[63] after the character made an uncredited appearance in 'Ascension':^[64] Lexy Kolker appears as 7-year-old Robin, Ava Kolker appears as 12-year-old Robin,^[63] and Willow Hale appears as an older Robin, when she is also known as The Seer.^[63]^[65]

Adrian Pasdar reprises his role as Glenn Talbot, while also becoming the villain Graviton in the season. This is despite the series introducing Franklin Hall (portrayed by Ian Hart) in the first season, who goes on to become the villain in the comics.^[35]^[36] Additional returning actors include Brian Patrick Wade as Carl Creel,^[31]J. August Richards as Mike Peterson / Deathlok,^[38]Spencer Treat Clark as Werner von Strucker,^[33]Zach McGowan as Anton Ivanov / The Superior,^[34]Reed Diamond as Daniel Whitehall, and Raquel Gardner as Carla Talbot,^[39] along with Briana Venskus and Maximilian Osinski as S.H.I.E.L.D. agents Piper and Davis.^[31]^[32]Ruth Negga and David Conrad reprise their roles as Raina and Ian Quinn, respectively, in a flashback sequence set during the events of the season one finale, 'Beginning of the End'.^[40] The characters Lash and Hive return from earlier seasons for the series' 100th episode.^[66]^[38] Younger versions of Jasper Sitwell and Wolfgang von Strucker also appear, portrayed by Adam Faison and Joey Defore, respectively.^[39] Older versions of the characters had been respectively portrayed by Maximiliano Hernández (in the MCU films and first season of the series) and Thomas Kretschmann (in the MCU films).^[67]^[68]

Jeff Ward was cast in a recurring role in August 2017,^[26] and was revealed in October to be portraying Deke Shaw.^[27] Ward had originally been cast as Virgil, a character who dies in the first episode. During the table read of the episode, the main cast felt Ward 'nailed it' as Virgil and wanted him to stay on as Deke, who had not yet been cast. The producers reached out to Ward after the reading to audition for Deke, and was ultimately cast in the part.^[69] Also in October, other newcomers were revealed, with Eve Harlow as Tess, Coy Stewart as Flint, and Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill.^[27] The next month, Marvel revealed that Dove Cameron had joined the season in an unspecified role,^[70] which was revealed in January 2018 to be the character Ruby, the daughter of Catherine Dent's General Hale.^[29] Other recurring guests for the season include Dominic Rains as Kasius, Florence Faivre as Sinara, Jay Hunter as a Kree watch commander, Tunisha Hubbard as Ava,^[28] Shontae Saldana as Candice Lee,^[31] and Peter Mensah as Qovas.^[34]

Design[edit]

The title card for the season's first pod

After leaving the series during the fourth season, costume designer Ann Foley returned for the first two episodes of the fifth season, before handing over to Whitney Galitz, who had assisted her on the previous few seasons, and Christann Chanell.^[71] The opening for 'Orientation' is reminiscent of the sequence for '4,722 Hours', forgoing the title card and having the typeface silently fading onto the screen.^[72] The subsequent episodes of the season feature a title card with the series name in a new typeface against a backdrop of various depictions of Earth: episodes through 'Past Life' feature a destroyed future Earth;^[73] episodes from 'Principia' through 'The Devil Complex' feature a present Earth; while episodes from 'Rise and Shine' through 'All Roads Lead..' feature the Earth beginning to crack.^[74]

Filming[edit]

Filming for the season began on July 20, 2017.^[75]^[76] In May 2017, Gregg expressed interest in directing an episode in the season,^[77] and confirmed that September he would be directing an episode,^[78] which was the sixth of the season, 'Fun & Games'. Gregg felt the idea of directing was 'daunting' as he would need to be doing 'five weeks of double duty', needing to act in addition to the various aspects of directing the episode.^[79] He reached out to fellow S.H.I.E.L.D. directors Kevin Tancharoen, Billy Gierhart, and Jesse Bochco to get tips on filming for the series.^[80] Bennet felt Gregg was able to bring out performances from the cast 'that another director probably wouldn't have been able to because he knows the characters so well.'^[81] Gregg added that he had 'shorthand with [the other actors] about what we want to try to do, ways the script could give us a chance to push us into new territory. They all also have deep and interesting ideas that helped me.' Gregg also received a deeper appreciation for some of the other departments on the series he normally does not encounter on a regular basis and the work they contribute to each episode.^[79] The scene for Fitz and Simmons' wedding in 'The Real Deal' was filmed in 'a very remote location' in Placerita Canyon State Park.^[82] Filming for the season wrapped on April 15, 2018.^[83]

Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins[edit]

In terms of having connections to Marvel's Inhumans, Whedon felt it was doubtful, but noted 'we also want there to be a bigger reward for people who watch all of [the MCU series], so they'll start to see that there's lines connecting it. It's more fun for people who are playing the whole game, but if you don't, you'll still have a great rollercoaster ride.'^[84] In November 2017, Whedon said that the season would not have moved the characters to space if the recent MCU films like Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor: Ragnarok had not been exploring that part of the MCU, but that this would remain a 'thematic tie'. He explained that they had moved on from the overt tie-ins with the MCU films that the series utilized in earlier seasons because 'we have our own mythology. That started to be much more interesting to us, and hopefully to the audience .. No one wants to come to see our show to see another show.'^[51] Whedon added in March 2018 that the then-upcoming release of Avengers: Infinity War would similarly 'open a new playground' for the series to explore.^[85]

The season features the Kree, an alien race that previously appeared in the first three seasons, and in the film Guardians of the Galaxy.^[86] The fictional element gravitonium also returns, having first appeared in the first season.^[87] It is revealed that the consciousnesses of Franklin Hall and Ian Quinn had been absorbed by the element, eventually merging with Talbot when he enters the Rebirth chamber and becomes Graviton.^[36] The last four episodes of the season are set during the events of Infinity War, taking place over a single day and making references to the film; Whedon stated that there was an 'unspoken Marvel rule not to address time' but that they considered the events of the series and film to roughly line up.^[57] In the episodes, the threat of Thanos becomes the driving force of Talbot's character arc as he plans to join the Avengers in defending the Earth.^[88] Bell also spoke to not directly referencing the end of Infinity War in 'The End', by not showing any of the characters killed as a result of Thanos' finger snap. He said 'Part of what happened was, they changed the release date.. we move at a different schedule than they do and so suddenly everything was a week earlier, and so we had to make some adjustments and that's how we end up with our story.' Whedon continued, 'the other thing is that there's certain story points that are so – there would really be no way for us to address it and keep our show intact. Given that there's another movie coming out, and there's gonna be constant repercussions of their universe, so what we felt was that the safe play for our story, and for the integrity of our universe, was to operate outside of it.'^[58] Whedon also added, 'one of the things that we tried to do was even if we're just hinting at a crossover, our concept was to create motivation for our villain, for our antagonist – using the events of Infinity War and using the larger MCU battle to sort of inform [Talbot's] motivation to become what he's becoming. That was our main tie-in, trying to drive our own antagonist. We felt like that was a good way to deal with it, but keep the things in our world in our story.'^[59]

Marketing[edit]

The main cast of the season appeared at New York Comic Con on October 7, 2017, where they promoted the season and debuted the first 20 minutes of the first episode of the season.^[89]^[81] A shortened version of the footage was released by ABC and Marvel on November 26, 2017, as a sneak peek before the season premiere later that week.^[90] Marvel released three roundtable discussions in support of the series reaching 100 episodes. Hosted by Patton Oswalt, who has portrayed The Koenigs in the series, the first was released on March 8, 2018 with the women of the series. The second, which was released on March 9, featured the full cast, while the third debuted on March 12 with the executive producers. All premiered on Marvel.com while also being available on Marvel and the series' social media platforms and Marvel's YouTube channel.^[91] The executive producers, main cast members except Gregg, and Ward appeared at WonderCon on March 24, 2018, to promote the remainder of the season and answer fan questions. A clip from the end of 'Rise and Shine' was also shown.^[92]^[85]

'The Road to 100'[edit]

In December 2017, Marvel announced the 'Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: The Road to 100' art program to commemorate the series reaching 100 episodes. The program features five posters, one for each season of the series, representing 'key pivotal moments of each season'. The art also appeared as variant covers to select titles published by Marvel Comics in March 2018. Megan Thomas Bradner, Vice President of Development and Production, Live Action at Marvel Television, called reaching 100 episodes 'quite a feat.. and it felt special enough to share with the fans that got us here. By working with some of our favorite comic artists, we felt we could show a large variety of meaningful moments and the characters that helped get us to a 100.' She added that the program 'commemorates these creators, the actors, the characters and a hundred amazing stories'.^[93]

The first poster, highlighting season one, was created by Dale Keown. It features four panels, showcasing the moment Coulson and Grant Ward approached Skye in her van from the pilot, Coulson learning he survived the Battle of New York from the T.A.H.I.T.I. program and a drug from a half-dissected Kree alien corpse, the moment Grant Ward revealed he was a Hydra agent by killing Victoria Hand, and Fitz giving Simmons the last remaining oxygen tank and declaring his love for her in the season one finale.^[93] The second poster, highlighting season two, was created by Daniel Acuña. The scenes depicted are Coulson writing the Inhuman map on a wall; Daisy coming out of her Terrigenesis; the S.H.I.E.L.D. team, Bobbi Morse, Lance Hunter, and the 'real S.H.I.E.L.D.' logo; and May cradling the deceased body of Katya Belyakov.^[94] The third poster, highlighting season three, was created by Nick Bradshaw. The poster shows the S.H.I.E.L.D. team and Hive, along with the Hydra logo breaking the S.H.I.E.L.D. logo and its tentacles covering much of the poster. Specific moments highlighted include Fitz and Simmons after she has been pulled from the portal to Maveth, Coulson killing Ward on Maveth, and the formation of the Secret Warriors.^[95] The fourth poster, highlighting season four, was created by Rahzzah. It highlighted the introduction of Ghost Rider, Life Model Decoys (LMD) and the Framework reality, Jeffrey Mace sacrificing himself in the Framework, and Coulson's kiss with the May LMD.^[96] The fifth and final poster, highlighting this season, was created by Stonehouse. Flanked on either side are Kasius and Sinara, with the S.H.I.E.L.D. team and Deke in the center in front of the destroyed Earth of the future as well as Fitz reuniting with Simmons.^[97]

Release[edit]

Broadcast[edit]

The season began airing in the United States on ABC on December 1, 2017,^[81] beginning once Inhumans finished airing its episodes.^[98] It is set to run for 22 episodes,^[43] with a short hiatus for the airing of the 2018 Winter Olympics between 'Past Life' and 'All the Comforts of Home'.^[53] The season concluded on May 18, 2018.^[99]

The fifth season moved to a Friday timeslot, alongside the seventh season of ABC's Once Upon a Time, with ABC chief Channing Dungey explaining, 'We've turned Friday into more of a destination for our fantasy and science fiction fans. Once Upon a Time and S.H.I.E.L.D. are airing on the same night for the first time, which is giving many fans of both shows what they've been asking for for a long time.'^[100] Andy Kubitz, executive vice president for program planning and scheduling at ABC, added that ABC had 'confidence that [the S.H.I.E.L.D.] core audience.. [would] travel with it' to its new Friday time slot. He continued, 'The great thing about Friday night for these shows is it gives three days of downtime for a lot of these younger viewers to be able to catch up on it. You've got Saturday and Sunday viewing that will be able to be counted into our C3 to help us monetize it.'^[44]

Home media[edit]

The season began streaming on Netflix in the United States on June 17, 2018.^[101]

Reception[edit]

Ratings[edit]

No.	Title	Air date	Rating/share (18–49)	Viewers (millions)	DVR (18–49)	DVR viewers (millions)	Total (18–49)	Total viewers (millions)
1/2	'Orientation'	December 1, 2017	0.7/3	2.54^[2]	0.6	1.72	1.3	4.27^[102]
3	'A Life Spent'	December 8, 2017	0.5/2	1.93^[3]	0.7	1.68	1.2	3.61^[103]
4	'A Life Earned'	December 15, 2017	0.5/2	1.84^[4]	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
5	'Rewind'	December 22, 2017	0.6/3	2.40^[5]	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
6	'Fun & Games'	January 5, 2018	0.7/3	2.49^[6]	0.7	N/A	1.4^[104]	N/A
7	'Together or Not at All'	January 12, 2018	0.6/3	2.31^[7]	0.7	1.75	1.3	4.07^[105]
8	'The Last Day'	January 19, 2018	0.6/3	2.41^[8]	0.8	1.82	1.4	4.23^[106]
9	'Best Laid Plans'	January 26, 2018	0.6/3	2.27^[9]	0.6	1.72	1.2	4.00^[107]
10	'Past Life'	February 2, 2018	0.6/3	2.22^[10]	0.6	1.74	1.2	3.96^[108]
11	'All the Comforts of Home'	March 2, 2018	0.5/2	1.90^[11]	0.7	1.68	1.2	3.58^[109]
12	'The Real Deal'	March 9, 2018	0.5/2	2.04^[12]	0.7	1.72	1.2	3.78^[110]
13	'Principia'	March 16, 2018	0.5/2	2.07^[13]	0.6	1.58	1.1	3.65^[111]
14	'The Devil Complex'	March 23, 2018	0.5/2	2.07^[14]	0.7	1.63	1.2	3.70^[112]
15	'Rise and Shine'	March 30, 2018	0.5/2	1.88^[15]	0.6	1.61	1.1	3.49^[113]
16	'Inside Voices'	April 6, 2018	0.6/3	2.08^[16]	0.6	1.59	1.2	3.67^[114]
17	'The Honeymoon'	April 13, 2018	0.5/2	1.82^[17]	0.4	1.29	0.9	3.10^[115]
18	'All Roads Lead..'	April 20, 2018	0.4/2	1.67^[18]	0.6	1.49	1.0	3.16^[116]
19	'Option Two'	April 27, 2018	0.4/2	1.68^[19]	0.6	1.49	1.0	3.17^[117]
20	'The One Who Will Save Us All'	May 4, 2018	0.4/2	1.65^[20]	0.6	1.47	1.0	3.12^[118]
21	'The Force of Gravity'	May 11, 2018	0.5/2	1.94^[21]	0.6	1.49	1.1	3.43^[119]
22	'The End'	May 18, 2018	0.5/2	1.88^[22]	0.6	1.46	1.1	3.34^[120]

Option 5 Destination Phase

The season averaged 3.57 million total viewers, including from DVR, ranking 133rd among network series in the 2017–18 television season. It also had an average total 18-49 rating of 1.1, which was 97th.^[121]

Critical response[edit]

The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100% approval rating, with an average score of 7.89/10, based on 21 reviews. The website's consensus reads, 'Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. swings for the fences with large-scale storytelling and wild twists that elevate season 5 from the saturated MCU and into its own space.'^[122]

Reviewing the premiere episodes, Merrill Barr of Forbes felt moving the series to space was not a reboot of the series, rather 'a continuation, in some form, of the story set-up at the end of last season. The show is not different. The team is still trying to save the world. They're just doing it in a new place and new way. Overall, there's a lot to love about what S.H.I.E.L.D. is doing in the new season. It's a crazy ride fans are going to be glad they've stayed aboard for. The 'Agents of Hydra' run [at the end of season four] was a bit weak. The space run is so far proving to be anything but.'^[123] Jon Negroni of We Got This Covered praised the show for its delightful twists and turns and for not relying on what's already worked, adding that 'it's a testament to the show's ongoing experimentation that we can watch these characters get to space and believe that this is far from their final frontier.' He felt, however, that there was 'little room for pathos and seeds for character development' and that 'we know almost nothing about where these individuals are at emotionally because of how fast we blazed through the finale.'^[124] Alex McLevy of The A.V. Club praised the move to space, saying that 'if season four was Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. firing on all cylinders, especially during its stellar 'Agents of Hydra' arc in the Framework, then this is the look of a show that knows it has mastered its storytelling, and is confidently expanding the scope of its ambition.'^[125]

Accolades[edit]

Year	Award	Category	Recipient	Result	Ref.
2018	TVLine's Performer of the Week	Performance in 'The Last Day'	Ming-Na Wen	Nominated	^[126]
	Visual Effects Society Awards	Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode	Mark Kolpack, Sabrina Arnold, David Rey, Kevin Yuille, Gary D'Amico for 'Orientation, Part 1'	Nominated	^[127]
	Saturn Awards	Best Superhero Television Series	Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.	Nominated	^[128]

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General references[edit]

'Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Episode Guide'. TV Guide. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
'Shows A-Z – Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC'. The Futon Critic. Retrieved July 21, 2017.

External links[edit]

Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on IMDb
Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. at TV.com

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D._(season_5)&oldid=904562649'

(Redirected from DHCP)

Internet protocol suite
Application layer
Transport layer
Internet layer
IP
Link layer
Tunnels MAC

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used on UDP/IP networks whereby a DHCP server dynamically assigns an IP address and other network configuration parameters to each device on a network so they can communicate with other IP networks.^[1] A DHCP server enables computers to request IP addresses and networking parameters automatically from the Internet service provider (ISP), reducing the need for a network administrator or a user to manually assign IP addresses to all network devices.^[1] In the absence of a DHCP server, a computer or other device on the network needs to be manually assigned an IP address, or to assign itself an APIPA address, which will not enable it to communicate outside its local subnet.

DHCP can be implemented on networks ranging in size from home networks to large campus networks and regional Internet service provider networks.^[2] A router or a residential gateway can be enabled to act as a DHCP server. Most residential network routers receive a globally unique IP address within the ISP network. Within a local network, a DHCP server assigns a local IP address to each device connected to the network.

1History
3Operation
5Options
- 5.1Documented in RFC 2132
- 5.2Documented elsewhere

History[edit]

In 1984, the Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP), defined in RFC 903, was introduced to allow simple devices such as diskless workstations to dynamically obtain a suitable IP address. However, because it acted at the data link layer it made implementation difficult on many server platforms, and also required that a server be present on each individual network link. RARP was superseded by the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) defined in RFC 951 in September 1985. This introduced the concept of a relay agent, which allowed the forwarding of BOOTP packets across networks, allowing one central BOOTP server to serve hosts on many IP subnets.^[3]

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DHCP is based on BOOTP but can dynamically allocate IP addresses from a pool and reclaim them when they are no longer in use. It can also be used to deliver a wide range of extra configuration parameters to IP clients, including platform-specific parameters.^[4] DHCP was first defined in RFC 1531 in October 1993; but due to errors in the editorial process was almost immediately reissued as RFC 1541.

Four years later the DHCPINFORM message type^[5] and other small changes were added by RFC 2131; which as of 2014 remains the standard for IPv4 networks.

DHCPv6 was initially described by RFC 3315 in 2003, but this has been updated by many subsequent RFCs.^[6]RFC 3633 added a DHCPv6 mechanism for prefix delegation, and stateless address autoconfiguration was added by RFC 3736.

Versions[edit]

In the case of DHCP, there are several RFC standards, and the version numbers individually such as DHCP v2 and v3 are not specified differently from SNMP v1, v2 and v3 in the RFC standard.^[7] However, the ISC (Internet Software Consortium) DHCP server that functions as a common DHCP server has version V1, V2, and V3 in the form release 1, release 2 and release 3^[8]

ISC DHCP Release 1 (version 1): It is a more stable version with a bug fix over the initial release(beta) ISC DHCP server after 2 years.

ISC DHCP Release 2 (version 2): DHCP Release 2 is composed of DHCP server, DHCP client and DHCP relay agent. Features include support for ping before IP allocation, and more effective prevention of errors in DHCP authentication

ISC DHCP Release 3 (version 3): The key features of Release 3 include the ability to selectively initialize DHCP server functionality and to bundle clients that are assigned IPs into desired configuration units. In addition, since the relay agent information is selectively available, it is possible to separately manage the POOLs that are the groups to which the IP addresses are assigned, by the necessary group units. It enables the ability to leverage dynamic DNS information and DHCP authentication.

The standard for IPv6 DHCP is defined by RFC, and the latest version is defined by DHCPv6 - RFC 3736, which includes IPv6 address Stateless autoconfiguration.

Overview[edit]

UDP/IP defines how devices on one network communicate with devices on another network, and the DHCP server can manage UDP/IP settings for devices on a network, by automatically or dynamically assigning IP addresses to the devices.

The DHCP operates based on the client–server model. When a computer or other device connects to a network, the DHCP client software sends a DHCP broadcast query requesting the necessary information. Any DHCP server on the network may service the request. The DHCP server manages a pool of IP addresses and information about client configuration parameters such as default gateway, domain name, the name servers, and time servers. On receiving a DHCP request, the DHCP server may respond with specific information for each client, as previously configured by an administrator, or with a specific address and any other information valid for the entire network and for the time period for which the allocation (lease) is valid. A DHCP client typically queries for this information immediately after booting, and periodically thereafter before the expiration of the information. When a DHCP client refreshes an assignment, it initially requests the same parameter values, but the DHCP server may assign a new address based on the assignment policies set by administrators.

On large networks that consist of multiple links, a single DHCP server may service the entire network when aided by DHCP relay agents located on the interconnecting routers. Such agents relay messages between DHCP clients and DHCP servers located on different subnets.

Depending on implementation, the DHCP server may have three methods of allocating IP addresses:

Dynamic allocation: A network administrator reserves a range of IP addresses for DHCP, and each DHCP client on the LAN is configured to request an IP address from the DHCP server during network initialization. The request-and-grant process uses a lease concept with a controllable time period, allowing the DHCP server to reclaim and then reallocate IP addresses that are not renewed.

Automatic allocation: The DHCP server permanently assigns an IP address to a requesting client from the range defined by the administrator. This is like dynamic allocation, but the DHCP server keeps a table of past IP address assignments, so that it can preferentially assign to a client the same IP address that the client previously had.

Manual allocation (commonly called static allocation): The DHCP server issues a private IP address dependent upon each client's client id (or, traditionally, the client MAC address), based on a predefined mapping by the administrator. This feature is variously called static DHCP assignment by DD-WRT, fixed-address by the dhcpd documentation, address reservation by Netgear, DHCP reservation or static DHCP by Cisco and Linksys, and IP address reservation or MAC/IP address binding by various other router manufacturers. If no match for the client's client ID (if provided) or MAC address (if no client id is provided) is found, the server may or may not optionally fall back to either Dynamic or Automatic allocation.

DHCP is used for Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and IPv6. While both versions serve the same purpose, the details of the protocol for IPv4 and IPv6 differ sufficiently that they may be considered separate protocols.^[9] For the IPv6 operation, devices may alternatively use stateless address autoconfiguration. IPv6 hosts may also use link-local addressing to achieve operations restricted to the local network link.

Operation[edit]

An illustration of a typical non-renewing DHCP session; each message may be either a broadcast or a unicast, depending on the DHCP client capabilities.^[10]

The DHCP employs a connectionless service model, using the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). It is implemented with two UDP port numbers for its operations which are the same as for the bootstrap protocol (BOOTP). UDP port number 67 is the destination port of a server, and UDP port number 68 is used by the client.

DHCP operations fall into four phases: server discovery, IP lease offer, IP lease request, and IP lease acknowledgement. These stages are often abbreviated as DORA for discovery, offer, request, and acknowledgement.

The DHCP operation begins with clients broadcasting a request. If the client and server are on different subnets, a DHCP Helper or DHCP Relay Agent may be used. Clients requesting renewal of an existing lease may communicate directly via UDP unicast, since the client already has an established IP address at that point. Additionally, there is a BROADCAST flag (1 bit in 2 byte flags field, where all other bits are reserved and so are set to 0) the client can use to indicate in which way (broadcast or unicast) it can receive the DHCPOFFER: 0x8000 for broadcast, 0x0000 for unicast.^[10] Usually, the DHCPOFFER is sent through unicast. For those hosts which cannot accept unicast packets before IP addresses are configured, this flag can be used to work around this issue.

Discovery[edit]

The DHCP client broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER message on the network subnet using the destination address 255.255.255.255 (limited broadcast) or the specific subnet broadcast address (directed broadcast). A DHCP client may also request its last known IP address. If the client remains connected to the same network, the server may grant the request. Otherwise, it depends whether the server is set up as authoritative or not. An authoritative server denies the request, causing the client to issue a new request. A non-authoritative server simply ignores the request, leading to an implementation-dependent timeout for the client to expire the request and ask for a new IP address.

For example, if HTYPE is set to 1, to specify that the medium used is Ethernet, HLEN is set to 6 because an Ethernet address (MAC address) is 6 octets long. The CHADDR is set to the MAC address used by the client. Some options are set as well.

Example DHCPDISCOVER message
Octet 0	Octet 1	Octet 2	Octet 3
Ethernet: source=sender's MAC; destination=FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
IP: source=0.0.0.0; destination=255.255.255.255 UDP: source port=68; destination port=67
OP	HTYPE	HLEN	HOPS
0x01	0x01	0x06	0x00
XID
0x3903F326
SECS		FLAGS
0x0000		0x0000
CIADDR (Client IP address)
0x00000000
YIADDR (Your IP address)
0x00000000
SIADDR (Server IP address)
0x00000000
GIADDR (Gateway IP address)
0x00000000
CHADDR (Client hardware address)
0x00053C04
0x8D590000
0x00000000
0x00000000
192 octets of 0s, or overflow space for additional options; BOOTP legacy.
Magic cookie
0x63825363
DHCP options
0x350101 53: 1 (DHCP Discover)
0x3204c0a80164 50: 192.168.1.100 requested
0x370401030f06 55 (Parameter Request List): 1 (Request Subnet Mask), 3 (Router), 15 (Domain Name), 6 (Domain Name Server)
0xff 255 (Endmark)

Offer[edit]

When a DHCP server receives a DHCPDISCOVER message from a client, which is an IP address lease request, the DHCP server reserves an IP address for the client and makes a lease offer by sending a DHCPOFFER message to the client. This message contains the client's client id (traditionally a MAC address), the IP address that the server is offering, the subnet mask, the lease duration, and the IP address of the DHCP server making the offer. The DHCP server may also take notice of the hardware-level MAC address in the underlying transport layer: according to current RFCs the transport layer MAC address may be used if no client ID is provided in the DHCP packet.

The DHCP server determines the configuration based on the client's hardware address as specified in the CHADDR (client hardware address) field. Here the server, 192.168.1.1, specifies the client's IP address in the YIADDR (your IP address) field.

DHCPOFFER message
Octet 0	Octet 1	Octet 2	Octet 3
Ethernet: source=sender's MAC; destination=client mac address
IP: source=192.168.1.1; destination=255.255.255.255 UDP: source port=67; destination port=68
OP	HTYPE	HLEN	HOPS
0x02	0x01	0x06	0x00
XID
0x3903F326
SECS		FLAGS
0x0000		0x0000
CIADDR (Client IP address)
0x00000000
YIADDR (Your IP address)
0xC0A80164 (192.168.1.100)
SIADDR (Server IP address)
0xC0A80101 (192.168.1.1)
GIADDR (Gateway IP address)
0x00000000
CHADDR (Client hardware address)
0x00053C04
0x8D590000
0x00000000
0x00000000
192 octets of 0s; BOOTP legacy.
Magic cookie
0x63825363
DHCP options
53: 2 (DHCP Offer)
1 (subnet mask): 255.255.255.0
3 (Router): 192.168.1.1
51 (IP address lease time): 86400s (1 day)
54 (DHCP server): 192.168.1.1
6 (DNS servers):

Request[edit]

In response to the DHCP offer, the client replies with a DHCPREQUEST message, broadcast to the server,^[a] requesting the offered address. A client can receive DHCP offers from multiple servers, but it will accept only one DHCP offer. Based on required server identification option in the request and broadcast messaging, servers are informed whose offer the client has accepted.^[12]^{:Section 3.1, Item 3} When other DHCP servers receive this message, they withdraw any offers that they have made to the client and return the offered IP address to the pool of available addresses.

DHCPREQUEST message
Octet 0	Octet 1	Octet 2	Octet 3
Ethernet: source=sender's MAC; destination=FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
IP: source=0.0.0.0; destination=255.255.255.255;^[a] UDP: source port=68; destination port=67
OP	HTYPE	HLEN	HOPS
0x01	0x01	0x06	0x00
XID
0x3903F326
SECS		FLAGS
0x0000		0x0000
CIADDR (Client IP address)
0x00000000
YIADDR (Your IP address)
0x00000000
SIADDR (Server IP address)
0xC0A80101 (192.168.1.1)
GIADDR (Gateway IP address)
0x00000000
CHADDR (Client hardware address)
0x00053C04
0x8D590000
0x00000000
0x00000000
192 octets of 0s; BOOTP legacy.
Magic cookie
0x63825363
DHCP options
53: 3 (DHCP Request)
50: 192.168.1.100 requested
54 (DHCP server): 192.168.1.1

Acknowledgement[edit]

When the DHCP server receives the DHCPREQUEST message from the client, the configuration process enters its final phase. The acknowledgement phase involves sending a DHCPACK packet to the client. This packet includes the lease duration and any other configuration information that the client might have requested. At this point, the IP configuration process is completed.

The protocol expects the DHCP client to configure its network interface with the negotiated parameters.

After the client obtains an IP address, it should probe the newly received address^[13] (e.g. with ARP Address Resolution Protocol) to prevent address conflicts caused by overlapping address pools of DHCP servers.

DHCPACK message
Octet 0	Octet 1	Octet 2	Octet 3
Ethernet: source=sender's MAC; destination=client's MAC
IP: source=192.168.1.1; destination=255.255.255.255 UDP: source port=67; destination port=68
OP	HTYPE	HLEN	HOPS
0x02	0x01	0x06	0x00
XID
0x3903F326
SECS		FLAGS
0x0000		0x0000
CIADDR (Client IP address)
0x00000000
YIADDR (Your IP address)
0xC0A80164 (192.168.1.100)
SIADDR (Server IP address)
0xC0A80101 (192.168.1.1)
GIADDR (Gateway IP address switched by relay)
0x00000000
CHADDR (Client hardware address)
0x00053C04
0x8D590000
0x00000000
0x00000000
192 octets of 0s. BOOTP legacy
Magic cookie
0x63825363
DHCP options
53: 5 (DHCP ACK) or 6 (DHCP NAK)
1 (subnet mask): 255.255.255.0
3 (Router): 192.168.1.1
51 (IP address lease time): 86400s (1 day)
54 (DHCP server): 192.168.1.1
6 (DNS servers): 9.7.10.15, 9.7.10.16, 9.7.10.18

Information[edit]

A DHCP client may request more information than the server sent with the original DHCPOFFER. The client may also request repeat data for a particular application. For example, browsers use DHCP Inform to obtain web proxy settings via WPAD.

Releasing[edit]

The client sends a request to the DHCP server to release the DHCP information and the client deactivates its IP address. As client devices usually do not know when users may unplug them from the network, the protocol does not mandate the sending of DHCP Release.

Client configuration parameters[edit]

A DHCP server can provide optional configuration parameters to the client. RFC 2132 describes the available DHCP options defined by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) - DHCP and BOOTP PARAMETERS.^[14]

A DHCP client can select, manipulate and overwrite parameters provided by a DHCP server. In Unix-like systems this client-level refinement typically takes place according to the values in the configuration file /etc/dhclient.conf.

Options[edit]

Options are octet strings of varying length. The first octet is the option code, the second octet is the number of following octets and the remaining octets are code dependent.For example, the DHCP message-type option for an offer would appear as 0x35, 0x01, 0x02, where 0x35 is code 53 for 'DHCP message type', 0x01 means one octet follows and 0x02 is the value of 'offer'.

Documented in RFC 2132[edit]

The following tables list the available DHCP options, as listed in RFC 2132^[15] and IANA registry.^[14]

RFC 1497 (BOOTP Vendor Information Extensions) vendor extensions^[15]^{:Section 3}
Code	Name	Length	Notes
0	Pad^[15]^{:Section 3.1}	0 octets	Can be used to pad other options so that they are aligned to the word boundary; is not followed by length byte
1	Subnet mask^[15]^{:Section 3.3}	4 octets	Must be sent before the router option (option 3) if both are included
2	Time offset^[15]^{:Section 3.4}	4 octets
3	Router	Multiples of 4 octets	Available routers, should be listed in order of preference
4	Time server	Multiples of 4 octets	Available time servers to synchronise with, should be listed in order of preference
5	Name server	Multiples of 4 octets	Available IEN 116 name servers, should be listed in order of preference
6	Domain name server	Multiples of 4 octets	Available DNS servers, should be listed in order of preference
7	Log server	Multiples of 4 octets	Available log servers, should be listed in order of preference.
8	Cookie server	Multiples of 4 octets	Cookie in this case means 'fortune cookie' or 'quote of the day', a pithy or humorous anecdote often sent as part of a logon process on large computers; it has nothing to do with cookies sent by websites.
9	LPR Server	Multiples of 4 octets
10	Impress server	Multiples of 4 octets
11	Resource location server	Multiples of 4 octets
12	Host name	Minimum of 1 octet
13	Boot file size	2 octets	Length of the boot image in 4KiB blocks
14	Merit dump file	Minimum of 1 octet	Path where crash dumps should be stored
15	Domain name	Minimum of 1 octet
16	Swap server	4 octets
17	Root path	Minimum of 1 octet
18	Extensions path	Minimum of 1 octet
255	End	0 octets	Used to mark the end of the vendor option field

IP layer parameters per host^[15]^{:Section 4}
Code	Name	Length
19	IP forwarding enable/disable	1 octet
20	Non-local source routing enable/disable	1 octet
21	Policy filter	Multiples of 8 octets
22	Maximum datagram reassembly size	2 octets
23	Default IP time-to-live	1 octet
24	Path MTU aging timeout	4 octets
25	Path MTU plateau table	Multiples of 2 octets

IP Layer Parameters per Interface^[15]^{:Section 5}
Code	Name	Length	Notes
26	Interface MTU	2 octets
27	All subnets are local	1 octet
28	Broadcast address	4 octets
29	Perform mask discovery	1 octet
30	Mask supplier	1 octet
31	Perform router discovery	1 octet
32	Router solicitation address	4 octets
33	Static route	Multiples of 8 octets	A list of destination/router pairs

Link layer parameters per interface^[15]^{:Section 6}
Code	Name	Length
34	Trailer encapsulation option	1 octet
35	ARP cache timeout	4 octets
36	Ethernet encapsulation	1 octet

TCP parameters^[15]^{:Section 7}
Code	Name	Length
37	TCP default TTL	1 octet
38	TCP keepalive interval	4 octets
39	TCP keepalive garbage	1 octet

Application and service parameters^[15]^{:Section 8}
Code	Name	Length
40	Network information service domain	Minimum of 1 octet
41	Network information servers	Multiples of 4 octets
42	Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers	Multiples of 4 octets
43	Vendor-specific information	Minimum of 1 octets
44	NetBIOS over TCP/IP name server	Multiples of 4 octets
45	NetBIOS over TCP/IP datagram Distribution Server	Multiples of 4 octets
46	NetBIOS over TCP/IP node type	1 octet
47	NetBIOS over TCP/IP scope	Minimum of 1 octet
48	X Window System font server	Multiples of 4 octets
49	X Window System display manager	Multiples of 4 octets
64	Network Information Service+ domain	Minimum of 1 octet
65	Network Information Service+ servers	Multiples of 4 octets
68	Mobile IP home agent	Multiples of 4 octets
69	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) server	Multiples of 4 octets
70	Post Office Protocol (POP3) server	Multiples of 4 octets
71	Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) server	Multiples of 4 octets
72	Default World Wide Web (WWW) server	Multiples of 4 octets
73	Default Finger protocol server	Multiples of 4 octets
74	Default Internet Relay Chat (IRC) server	Multiples of 4 octets
75	StreetTalk server	Multiples of 4 octets
76	StreetTalk Directory Assistance (STDA) server	Multiples of 4 octets

DHCP extensions^[15]^{:Section 9}
Code	Name	Length
50	Requested IP address	4 octets
51	IP address lease time	4 octets
52	Option overload	1 octet
53	DHCP message type	1 octet
54	Server identifier	4 octets
55	Parameter request list	Minimum of 1 octet
56	Message	Minimum of 1 octet
57	Maximum DHCP message size	2 octets
58	Renewal (T1) time value	4 octets
59	Rebinding (T2) time value	4 octets
60	Vendor class identifier	Minimum of 1 octet
61	Client-identifier	Minimum of 2 octets
66	TFTP server name	Minimum of 1 octet
67	Bootfile name	Minimum of 1 octet

Client vendor identification[edit]

An option exists to identify the vendor and functionality of a DHCP client. The information is a variable-length string of characters or octets which has a meaning specified by the vendor of the DHCP client. One method that a DHCP client can utilize to communicate to the server that it is using a certain type of hardware or firmware is to set a value in its DHCP requests called the Vendor Class Identifier (VCI) (Option 60).

This method allows a DHCP server to differentiate between the two kinds of client machines and process the requests from the two types of modems appropriately. Some types of set-top boxes also set the VCI (Option 60) to inform the DHCP server about the hardware type and functionality of the device. The value this option is set to gives the DHCP server a hint about any required extra information that this client needs in a DHCP response.

Documented elsewhere[edit]

Documented DHCP options
Code	Name	Length	RFC
82	Relay agent information	Minimum of 2 octets	RFC 3046^[16]
85	Novell Directory Service (NDS) servers	Minimum of 4 octets, multiple of 4 octets	RFC 2241^[17]^{:Section 2}
86	NDS tree name	Variable	RFC 2241^[17]^{:Section 3}
87	NDS context	Variable	RFC 2241^[17]^{:Section 4}
100	Time zone, POSIX style	Variable	RFC 4833^[18]
101	Time zone, tz database style	Variable	RFC 4833^[18]
119	Domain search	Variable	RFC 3397^[19]
121	Classless static route	Variable	RFC 3442^[20]

Relay agent information sub-options[edit]

The relay agent information option (option 82)^[16] specifies container for attaching sub-options to DHCP requests transmitted between a DHCP relay and a DHCP server.

Relay agent sub-options
Code	Name	Length	RFC
4	Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications (DOCSIS) device class	4 octets	RFC 3256^[21]

Relaying[edit]

In small networks, where only one IP subnet is being managed, DHCP clients communicate directly with DHCP servers. However, DHCP servers can also provide IP addresses for multiple subnets. In this case, a DHCP client that has not yet acquired an IP address cannot communicate directly with the DHCP server using IP routing, because it does not have a routable IP address, does not know the link layer address of a router and does not know the IP address of the DHCP server.

In order to allow DHCP clients on subnets not directly served by DHCP servers to communicate with DHCP servers, DHCP relay agents can be installed on these subnets. The DHCP client broadcasts on the local link; the relay agent receives the broadcast and transmits it to one or more DHCP servers using unicast. The relay agent stores its own IP address in field GIADDR field of the DHCP packet. The DHCP server uses the GIADDR-value to determine the subnet on which the relay agent received the broadcast, and allocates an IP address on that subnet. When the DHCP server replies to the client, it sends the reply to the GIADDR-address, again using unicast. The relay agent then retransmits the response on the local network.

In this situation, the communication between the relay agent and the DHCP server typically uses both a source and destination UDP port of 67.

Reliability[edit]

The DHCP ensures reliability in several ways: periodic renewal, rebinding,^[12]^{:Section 4.4.5} and failover. DHCP clients are allocated leases that last for some period of time. Clients begin to attempt to renew their leases once half the lease interval has expired.^[12]^{:Section 4.4.5 Paragraph 3} They do this by sending a unicast DHCPREQUEST message to the DHCP server that granted the original lease. If that server is down or unreachable, it will fail to respond to the DHCPREQUEST. However, in that case the client repeats the DHCPREQUEST from time to time,^[12]^{:Section 4.4.5 Paragraph 8}^[b] so if the DHCP server comes back up or becomes reachable again, the DHCP client will succeed in contacting it and renew the lease.

If the DHCP server is unreachable for an extended period of time,^[12]^{:Section 4.4.5 Paragraph 5} the DHCP client will attempt to rebind, by broadcasting its DHCPREQUEST rather than unicasting it. Because it is broadcast, the DHCPREQUEST message will reach all available DHCP servers. If some other DHCP server is able to renew the lease, it will do so at this time.

In order for rebinding to work, when the client successfully contacts a backup DHCP server, that server must have accurate information about the client's binding. Maintaining accurate binding information between two servers is a complicated problem; if both servers are able to update the same lease database, there must be a mechanism to avoid conflicts between updates on the independent servers. A proposal for implementing fault-tolerant DHCP servers was submitted to the Internet Engineering Task Force, but never formalized.^[22]^[c]

If rebinding fails, the lease will eventually expire. When the lease expires, the client must stop using the IP address granted to it in its lease.^[12]^{:Section 4.4.5 Paragraph 9} At that time it will restart the DHCP process from the beginning by broadcasting a DHCPDISCOVER message. Since its lease has expired, it will accept any IP address offered to it. Once it has a new IP address (presumably from a different DHCP server) it will once again be able to use the network. However, since its IP address has changed, any ongoing connections will be broken.

Security[edit]

The base DHCP does not include any mechanism for authentication.^[23] Because of this, it is vulnerable to a variety of attacks. These attacks fall into three main categories:

Unauthorized DHCP servers providing false information to clients.^[24]
Unauthorized clients gaining access to resources.^[24]
Resource exhaustion attacks from malicious DHCP clients.^[24]

Because the client has no way to validate the identity of a DHCP server, unauthorized DHCP servers (commonly called 'rogue DHCP') can be operated on networks, providing incorrect information to DHCP clients.^[25] This can serve either as a denial-of-service attack, preventing the client from gaining access to network connectivity,^[26] or as a man-in-the-middle attack.^[27] Because the DHCP server provides the DHCP client with server IP addresses, such as the IP address of one or more DNS servers,^[24] an attacker can convince a DHCP client to do its DNS lookups through its own DNS server, and can therefore provide its own answers to DNS queries from the client.^[28]^[29] This in turn allows the attacker to redirect network traffic through itself, allowing it to eavesdrop on connections between the client and network servers it contacts, or to simply replace those network servers with its own.^[28]

Because the DHCP server has no secure mechanism for authenticating the client, clients can gain unauthorized access to IP addresses by presenting credentials, such as client identifiers, that belong to other DHCP clients.^[25] This also allows DHCP clients to exhaust the DHCP server's store of IP addresses—by presenting new credentials each time it asks for an address, the client can consume all the available IP addresses on a particular network link, preventing other DHCP clients from getting service.^[25]

DHCP does provide some mechanisms for mitigating these problems. The Relay Agent Information Option protocol extension (RFC 3046, usually referred to in the industry by its actual number as Option 82^[30]^[31]) allows network operators to attach tags to DHCP messages as these messages arrive on the network operator's trusted network. This tag is then used as an authorization token to control the client's access to network resources. Because the client has no access to the network upstream of the relay agent, the lack of authentication does not prevent the DHCP server operator from relying on the authorization token.^[23]

Another extension, Authentication for DHCP Messages (RFC 3118), provides a mechanism for authenticating DHCP messages. As of 2002, RFC 3118 had not seen widespread adoption because of the problems of managing keys for large numbers of DHCP clients.^[32] A 2007 book about DSL technologies remarked that:

there were numerous security vulnerabilities identified against the security measures proposed by RFC 3118. This fact, combined with the introduction of 802.1x, slowed the deployment and take-rate of authenticated DHCP, and it has never been widely deployed.^[33]

A 2010 book notes that:

[t]here have been very few implementations of DHCP Authentication. The challenges of key management and processing delays due to hash computation have been deemed too heavy a price to pay for the perceived benefits.^[34]

Architectural proposals from 2008 involve authenticating DHCP requests using 802.1x or PANA (both of which transport EAP).^[35] An IETF proposal was made for including EAP in DHCP itself, the so-called EAPoDHCP;^[36] this does not appear to have progressed beyond IETF draft level, the last of which dates to 2010.^[37]

IETF standards documents[edit]

RFC 2131, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
RFC 2132, DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions
RFC 3046, DHCP Relay Agent Information Option
RFC 3397, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Domain Search Option
RFC 3942, Reclassifying Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Version Four (DHCPv4) Options
RFC 4242, Information Refresh Time Option for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6
RFC 4361, Node-specific Client Identifiers for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Version Four (DHCPv4)
RFC 4436, Detecting Network Attachment in IPv4 (DNAv4)
RFC 3442, Classless Static Route Option for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 4

Notes[edit]

^ ^a^bAs an optional client behavior, some broadcasts, such as those carrying DHCP discovery and request messages, may be replaced with unicasts in case the DHCP client already knows the DHCP server's IP address.^[11]
^The RFC calls for the client to wait one half of the remaining time until T2 before it retransmits the DHCPREQUEST packet
^The proposal provided a mechanism whereby two servers could remain loosely in sync with each other in such a way that even in the event of a total failure of one server, the other server could recover the lease database and continue operating. Due to the length and complexity of the specification, it was never published as a standard; however, the techniques described in the specification are in wide use, with one open-source implementation in the ISC DHCP server, as well as several commercial implementations.

References[edit]

^ ^a^bTechTarget Network: DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
^Peterson, Larry L.; Davie, Bruce S. (2011). Computer Networks: A Systems Approach (5th ed.). Elsevier. ISBN0123850606. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
^Bill Croft; John Gilmore (September 1985). 'RFC 951 - Bootstrap Protocol'. Network Working Group.
^Network+ Certification 2006 Published By Microsoft Press.
^used for the Web Proxy Autodiscovery Protocol Web Proxy Autodiscovery Protocol (WPAD)
^RFC 4361, RFC 5494, RFC 6221, RFC 6422, RFC 6644, RFC 7083, RFC 7227, RFC 7283
^Droms, Ralph. 'Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol'. tools.ietf.org. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
^'ISC's open source DHCP software system - Internet Systems Consortium'. www.isc.org. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
^Droms, Ralph; Lemon, Ted (2003). The DHCP Handbook. SAMS Publishing. p. 436. ISBN978-0-672-32327-0.
^ ^a^bDroms, Ralph. 'Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol'. tools.ietf.org. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
^Droms, Ralph. 'Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol'. tools.ietf.org. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fDroms, Ralph (March 1997). DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC2131. RFC 2131. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
^'RFC2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol: Dynamic allocation of network addresses'. tools.ietf.org.
^ ^a^b'Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) Parameters'. iana.org. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^kAlexander, Steve; Droms, Ralph (March 1997). DHCP options and BOOTP vendor extensions. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC2132. RFC 2132. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
^ ^a^bPatrick, Michael (January 2001). 'DHCP Relay Agent Information Option'. IETF Documents. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC3046. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
^ ^a^b^cProvan, Don (November 1997). 'RFC 2241 – DHCP Options for Novell Directory Services'. IETF Documents. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC3256. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
^ ^a^bLear, E.; Eggert, P. (April 2007). 'Timezone Options for DHCP'. IETF Documents. IETF. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
^Bernard, Aboba; Stuart, Cheshire (November 2002). 'RFC 3397 – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Domain Search Option'. IETF Documents. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC3397. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
^RFC 3442
^Doug, Jones; Rich, Woundy (April 2002). 'RFC 3256 – The DOCSIS (Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications) Device Class DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Relay Agent Information Sub-option'. IETF Documents. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC3256. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
^Droms, Ralph; Kinnear, Kim; Stapp, Mark; Volz, Bernie; Gonczi, Steve; Rabil, Greg; Dooley, Michael; Kapur, Arun (March 2003). DHCP Failover Protocol. IETF. I-D draft-ietf-dhc-failover-12. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
^ ^a^bPatrick, Michael (January 2001). 'RFC 3046 - DHCP Relay Agent Information Option'. Network Working Group.
^ ^a^b^c^dDroms, Ralph (March 1997). 'RFC 2131 - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol'. Network Working Group.
^ ^a^b^cStapko, Timothy (2011). Practical Embedded Security: Building Secure Resource-Constrained Systems. Newnes. p. 39. ISBN978-0-08-055131-9.
^Rountree, Derrick (2013). Windows 2012 Server Network Security: Securing Your Windows Network Systems and Infrastructure. Newnes. p. 22. ISBN978-1-59749-965-1.
^Rooney, Timothy (2010). Introduction to IP Address Management. John Wiley & Sons. p. 180. ISBN978-1-118-07380-3.
^ ^a^bGolovanov (Kaspersky Labs), Sergey (June 2011). 'TDSS loader now got 'legs''.
^Sunny, Akash K (October 2015). 'dhcp protocol and its vulnerabilities'.
^Hens, Francisco J.; Caballero, José M. (2008). Triple Play: Building the converged network for IP, VoIP and IPTV. John Wiley & Sons. p. 239. ISBN978-0-470-75439-9.
^Ramirez, David H. (2008). IPTV Security: Protecting High-Value Digital Contents. John Wiley & Sons. p. 55. ISBN978-0-470-72719-5.
^Lemon, Ted (April 2002). 'Implementation of RFC 3118'.
^Golden, Philip; Dedieu, Hervé; Jacobsen, Krista S. (2007). Implementation and Applications of DSL Technology. Taylor & Francis. p. 484. ISBN978-1-4200-1307-8.
^Rooney, Timothy (2010). Introduction to IP Address Management. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 181–182. ISBN978-1-118-07380-3.
^Copeland, Rebecca (2008). Converging NGN Wireline and Mobile 3G Networks with IMS. Taylor & Francis. pp. 142–143. ISBN978-1-4200-1378-8.
^Prasad, Ramjee; Mihovska, Albena (2009). New Horizons in Mobile and Wireless Communications: Networks, services, and applications. 2. Artech House. p. 339. ISBN978-1-60783-970-5.
^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2013-12-12.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)

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Episodes[edit]

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Main[edit]

Option 5 Destination Phase Review

Recurring[edit]

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Production[edit]

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First pod[edit]

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Option 5 Destination Phase

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Client configuration parameters[edit]

Options[edit]

Documented in RFC 2132[edit]

Client vendor identification[edit]

Documented elsewhere[edit]

Relay agent information sub-options[edit]

Relaying[edit]

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Security[edit]

IETF standards documents[edit]

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